Dia: 11 de Junho, 2019

  • Contract Law | Criminal Law | Tort Law | Europe | Brazil

    Contract Law | Criminal Law | Tort Law | Europe | Brazil

    Contract Law

    Contract law deals with promises which create legal rights. In most legal systems, a contract is formed when one party makes an offer that is accepted by the other party. Some legal systems require more, for example that the parties give each other, or promise to give each other, something of value. In common law systems, a one sided promise to do something (e.g. a promise to make a gift) does not lead to the formation of an enforceable contract, as it lacks consideration.

    When the contract is negotiated, the offer and acceptance must match each other in order for the contract to be binding. These means that one party must accept exactly what the other party has offered. If the offer and acceptance do not match each other, then the law says that the second party has made a counter-offer (that is, a new offer to the first party which then may be accepted or rejected).

    For there to be a valid contract, the parties must agree on the essential terms. These include the price and the subject matter of the contract.

    Contracts may be made in writing or by spoken words. If the parties make a contract by spoken words, it is called an oral contract. In some jurisdictions, certain special types of contracts must be in writing or they are not valid (e.g. the sell of land).

    Contracts give both parties rights and obligations. Rights are something positive which the party wants to get from a contract (e.g. the right to payment of money). Obligations are something which a party has to do or give up to get those rights (e.g. the obligation to do work).

    When a party does not do what it is required to do under a contract, this party is said to have breached the contract. The other party may file a lawsuit against the breaching party (sometimes called the injured party) may try to get a court to award damages for the breach. Damages refers to money which the court orders the breaching party to pay to the non-breaching party in compensation. Other remedies include specific performance, where a court orders the breaching party to perform the contract (that is, to do what it promised to do).

    A party may want to transfer its rights under a contract to another party. This is called assignment. When a party assigns (‘gives’) its rights under the contract to another party, the assigning party is called the assignor and the party who gets the rights is called assignee.

    Remedies for breach of contract

    If a contract is broken, the injured party might be expected to demand any of the following:
    – RESTITUTION – to have what they gave returned to them
    – DAMAGES – compensation for their loss
    – SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE – the other party to be forced to perform the contract.
    In the common-law tradition, damages is the usual remedy that a court awards for a broken contract. Restitution and specific performance are available only in certain circumstances.

    Tort Law

    A tort is a civil wrong that can be remedied by awarding damages (other remedies may also be available). These civil wrongs result in harm to a person or property that forms the basis of a claim by the injured party. The harm can be physical, emotional or financial. Examples of torts include medical negligence, negligent damage to private property and negligent misstatements causing financial loss.

    There are many specific torts, such as trespass, assault and negligence. Business torts include fraudulent misrepresentation, interference in contractual relations and unfair business practices.

    Torts fall into three general categories: intentional torts (e.g. unfair competition), negligent torts (e.g. causing an accident by falling to obey traffic rules) and strict liability torts (e.g. liability for making and selling defective products).

    Why some wrongs are dealt with by tort law (or the law of torts) and others considered criminal offences is the subject of some debate. However, there are certainly overlaps between tort law and criminal law. For example a defendant can be liable to compensate for assult and battery in tort and also be punished for the criminal law offence of assault.

    Differences between tort law and criminal law include:
    – the parties involved (the state brings an action in crime, a private individual brings an action in tort)
    – the standard of proof (higher in criminal law)
    – the outcomes (a criminal action may result in a conviction and punishment, whereas an action in tort may result in liability on the part of defendant and damages awarded to the claimant).

    The primary aims of tort law are to prove relief for the harm suffered and deter other potential tortfeasors from committing the same harms. The injured person may sue for both an injunction to stop the tortious conduct and for monetary damages.

    Depending on the jurisdiction, the damages awarded will be either compensatory or punitive. Compensatory damages are intended, as far as it is possible, to put the victim in the position he or she would have been in had the tort not occurred. Punitive damages are awarded to punish a wrongdoer. As well as compensation for damage to property, damages may also be awarded for: loss of earnings capacity, future expected losses, pain and suffering and reasonable medical expenses.

    Fonte: Cambridge University Press

    Adriano Martins Pinheiro

    tags: contract law, tort law,

  • A career in law | Uma carreira no direito | Brazil | Europe

    A career in law | Uma carreira no direito | Brazil | Europe

    A career in law

    The study of law is intellectually stimulating and challenging, and can lead to variety o interesting careers.

    In the UK and the USA, law degree programmes usually take three years to complete. In the UK, these programmes typically include core subjects such as criminal law, contract law, tort law, land law, equity and trusts, administrative law and constitutional law.

    In addition, students are often required to take courses covering skills such as legal writing and legal research.

    There is also a variety of optional (elective) courses available. Since many law students go on to become lawyers, students often take courses that will be useful to them during their future careers.

    Someone wishing to run a small partnership or to work alone as a sole practitioner in a small town may decide to take subjects such as family law, employment law and housing law. Those wishing to work in a large law practice will consider subjects such as company law, commercial law and litigation and arbitration.

    Many universities also offer courses on legal practice. Courses like this give students the opportunity to experience the work of lawyer before deciding on a career in the law.

    Another way of finding out more about law in practice is to get involved with a voluntary advice centre or law clinic. These clinics offer free legal assistance to the local community and provide a useful introduction to some of the day-to-day work of a lawyer.

    For students wishing to work in a commercial practice, knowledge of foreign languages is essential. When law firms hire new recruits, they generally look at four things: education, personality, work experience and language ability. Since English is the language of international legal community, law firms increasingly expect graduates to have a good command of English.


    (In portuguese)

    Uma carreira no direito

    O estudo do direito é intelectualmente estimulante e desafiador, e pode levar a uma variedade de carreiras interessantes.

    No Reino Unido e nos EUA, os programas de graduação em Direito geralmente levam três anos para serem concluídos. No Reino Unido, esses programas normalmente incluem temas centrais, como direito penal, direito contratual, direito civil, direito fundiário, eqüidade e trusts, direito administrativo e direito constitucional.

    Além disso, os alunos muitas vezes são obrigados a fazer cursos que abrangem habilidades como redação legal e pesquisa jurídica.

    Há também uma variedade de cursos opcionais (eletivos) disponíveis. Como muitos estudantes de direito se tornam advogados, os alunos geralmente fazem cursos que lhes serão úteis durante suas carreiras futuras.

    Alguém que deseje administrar uma pequena parceria ou trabalhar sozinho como um único praticante em uma cidade pequena pode decidir adotar assuntos como direito de família, direito do trabalho e direito imobiliário. Aqueles que desejam trabalhar em uma grande advocacia irão considerar assuntos como direito empresarial, direito comercial e contencioso e arbitragem.

    Muitas universidades também oferecem cursos sobre prática jurídica. Cursos como este dão aos estudantes a oportunidade de experimentar o trabalho do advogado antes de decidirem sobre uma carreira na lei.

    Outra maneira de descobrir mais sobre a lei na prática é se envolver com um centro de aconselhamento voluntário ou uma clínica de advocacia. Essas clínicas oferecem assistência jurídica gratuita à comunidade local e fornecem uma introdução útil a parte do trabalho diário de um advogado.

    Para estudantes que desejam trabalhar em uma prática comercial, o conhecimento de línguas estrangeiras é essencial. Quando os escritórios de advocacia contratam novos recrutas, eles geralmente analisam quatro coisas: educação, personalidade, experiência de trabalho e capacidade de linguagem. Como o inglês é a língua da comunidade jurídica internacional, os escritórios de advocacia esperam cada vez mais que os graduados tenham um bom domínio do inglês.

    Fonte: Cambridge University Press

    Adriano Martins Pinheiro

    tags: criminal law, contract law, tort law, land law, equity, trusts, administrative law, constitutional law